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Notes

Preface

the Iliad by Homer

Introduction

plain English

plain story

not embellishments (stock epithets recurring phrases)

most o f homer is a story naturally told (ex: twain for two)

Longinus a great critic nothing more terrible than simple words of Achilles to Lycaon.

Homer is full of merriment open fun, delicate comedy, even farse (ex: wounded Ares bursts up to Olympus like a bomb.

Study Questions for The Iliad - Preface:

1. What word characterizes the writing style of the Iliad?

2. What are embellishments?

3. Who was Longinus?

4. What is the example of farse that is given?

5. What is Homer’s work full of?

Book I notes (Pgs 1-22)

Achilles- Prince to the house of Peleus had a dispute with Agamemnon of the Achaians.

It began with a quarrel between Lord King Agamemnon of Atreus and prince Achilles.

One of Apollo’s priests named Chryse went to Agamemnon to ransom his daughter Chryseis back. Chryse said take my ransom (money) my daughter and show respect to Apollo Shootafar, a son of Zeus.

Everybody did thatexcept Lord king Agamemnon.

Agamemnon was angry and told the priest to get away. I won’t release your daughter.

The old man left and he went home. He prayed to Apollo

"May the Danaans pay for this under your spears".

Phoibos Apollo heard his prayers and attacked Agamemnon and his Achaean fleet for 9 days.

On the 10^th day Achilles was told by the goddess Hera to call a meeting. Hera favored Danaans.

Achilles got up and spoke "Why is Phoibos Apollo so angry?" he sat down.

The diviner of dreams named Calchas of Thestor spoke "I’m afraid the king will hurt me if I say the truth"

Apollo said "I’ll protect you, don’t worry" so the Diviner spoke.

Agamemnon was rude to the priest.

Calchas of Thestor told Agamemnon that Apollo Shootafar isn’t going to stop destroying things until the girl is returned without a ransom (free) and AG must send a sacrifice to Chryse".

Agamemnon got up and started bagging on Calchas and said" I don’t want the money but I like the girl better than my own wife. However, if it’ll stop the killing, I’ll let you have her.

There just one thing: I want a prize.

then Achilles says," we don’t have anything left, but if we sack the city of Troy well give you a prize four times bigger than anything you could get right now.

Agamemnon says," I don’t care how powerful you are if you don’t give me a prize I’ll take it from you.

Agamemnon says, "I’ll send a ship and will let one of the princes: Aias, Adomeneus, Odysseus or you Achilles, be in charge of the sacrifice to Apollo Shootifar."

Achilles says, "You’re a no good scoundrel. I do all the fighting and you get all the prizes I’m going to Phthia, and am not going to stay here where I’m unwanted."

Agamemnon says" go on get out. I don’t like you anyway" Agamemnon warns Achilles "I’m sending the girl back but I’m coming after your Briseis to show you and the others what happens when people defy me."

Achilles did not know whether to kill him right there or hold in his anger.

Queen Hera sent Athena from heaven to hold him back by pulling his long red hair. She was only visible to Achilles.

Achilles says" I’ve been insulted by Agamemnon and his attitude will bring him his death one day.

Athena tells Achilles, "Cool off and you’ll get a big reward later.

He says, "Ok I’ll do what you say."

Achilles yells at AG your going to have to fight Hector and the Trojans and I won’t be there to help you.

Nestor, a famous orator, says" You two stop arguing, our nation needs you both, our enemies are glad to see you angry at each other."

They stopped fighting but both remained angry.

AG sent a ship with Chrysies on it and made a big sacrifice to Apollo.

AG was still mad.

AG sent 2 servants to steal Brysies from Achilles " He told them to tell Achilles, "I’m going to take Brysies from you and If you don’t giver up I’m going to send an army to get her anyway.

They went to Achilles and told him. Achilles old friend Patrioclos brought out the girl. The servants took her away.

Achilles had a fit. He prayed to his mother and her spirit (Thetis- daughter of the old man of the sea) came from the sea and comforted him.

He told her what happened. She said she would pray to Zeus and see if Cronion Thundercloud (who owes Achilles a favor) will help the Trojans (under Hector) defeat the Achaians under AG.

Theta said she will take the message to Zeus.

Odysseus arrived safely. He returned Chrysies and made a big sacrifice to Apollo Shootafar.

Achilles remained very upset.

Thetus told Zeus what had happened and said prove you love me by helping.

Zeus says, "You’re always pestering me but I will help you" Thetis persuaded Zeus to help Hector and the Trojans defeat Agamemnon and the Achaians.

Hera heard what Zeus said and asked" I heard everything why are you doing this?"

Zeus said "Mind your own business."

Hera shuts up.

One her sons says, "it upsets all the gods when you 2 fight" she says" just relax."

Later Zeus and Hera went to bed together.

Book 1 - Study Questions

1. Who did Achilles have a dispute with?

2. Who was the Lord King of the house of Atreus?

3. Who was leader of the Achaians?

4. What God did Chryse represent?

5. Why did Chryse come to the Achaians and offer a ransom?

6. What was the name of Chryse’s daughter?

7. What did Agamemnon do to offend Chryse?

8. How did Phoibos Apollo answer the prayers of Chryse?

9. What happened for nine days?

10. Why did Hera visit Achilles on the tenth day?

11. How did Hera feel about the Danaans and Achaians?

12. Why was the diviner, Calchas of Thestor, afraid to speak?

13. Who guaranteed the diviner’s safety?

14. How did Agamemnon treat Calchas of Thestor?

15. How did the conditions for the return of the girl, Chryseis, change?

16. How did Agamemnon feel about the ransom?

17. How did Agamemnon regard Chryseis?

18. Why did Agamemnon give the girl up?

19. What did Agamemnon demand?

20. How did Agamemnon threaten Achilles?

21. What did Achilles consider doing?

22. Who did Queen Hera send to restrain Achilles?

23. Describe Achilles hair?

24. What did Achilles say would happen to Agamemnon one day?

25. What did Athena tell Achilles he would receive?

26. Why did Achilles say Agamemnon would be sorry?

27. Who insisted the two stop arguing?

28. Who was the leader of the party sent to return Chrysies?

29. How many servants did Agamemnon send to get Brysies from Achilles?

30. What did Agamemnon threaten?

31. Who brought out the girl?

33. What was Brysies attitude?

34. What was Achilles response to the loss of Brysies?

35. Who came to comfort Achilles?

36. What did Thetis promise to do?

37. Why did Thetis think Cronion Thundercloud would help Achilles?

38. Who lead the Trojans?

39. What did Odysseus and the others set about doing after their safe arrival?

40. Who did Thetis ask for help?

41. What did Hera and Thetis always do to Zeus?

42. What did Hera do that annoyed Zeus?

43. What advice did Zeus give to Hera?

44. Who cautioned Zeus and Hera to stop quarrelling?

45. How does the chapter end?

Book II notes

Everybody was asleep except Zeus.

He was trying to think of a way to make Achilles look good on the battlefield.

He dreamed up a plan to send a dream, a bad dream to king AG.

He sent the dream in the shape of Nestor Neleides, and elder AG respected.

the dream said I’m from Zeus, I care for you and pity you hurry and arm the Achaeans because now you can take the City of Troy, Hera had all the Olympian god in agreement, and don’t forget this dream when you wake.

AG did not understand what Zeus was plotting; Zeus was planning to bring trouble to the Trojans and Danaans.

AG got up and got dressed and went to the ships, called all the people together and told them he had a plan.

He said the dream looked like Nestor. King Nestor stood up and said if it was anybody else, I would not have believed it but since its AG it has to be true.

So everybody armed themselves for the war.

They called a big meeting and AG told them we have been fighting for nine years and have nothing to show for it, Zeus can be Cruel, I’ll tell you what I think, we’ll never conquer Troy. So they all started to leave.

Hera told Athena to whisper in every ones ears and tell them to stop.

This hateful ugly guy Thersites who every body disliked, he made a long speech bagging on AG.

Odysseus to his to shut up and stop bagging on the king he whacked him with his septre.

Everyone forgot about their problems and started laughing. Odysseus stood up with his royal septre, he made a speech and gave him some good advice I don’t blalme them for wanting to go home but its disgraceful for them go empty handed.

they witnessed a great miracle involving a snake eating a bird and her chicks.

Calchas told them what the miracle meant. He said they’d make war for nine years and the 10^th year they’d win and conquer the fortress of Priam(troy).

Everybody cheered when calchas said it and they were please with the speech of Odysses.

Then Gerenian Nestor stood up and spoke. he said lets stop all this talking, everything looks good lets start fighting and sort the men out according to their clan so you cant tell which clans are good and which are bad.

then AG stood and said, once again you prove your advice is the best ,Zeus is causing him lots of trouble he’s got me fight with Achilles over a girl so, if we could just make up, we could head for Troy lets all get ready and if I see anybody goofing of ill feed them to the dogs.

so everybody started running around getting ready and AG sacrificed a 5yr old bull to Zeus, summoned the elders, and made a prayer…

Zeus(cronion) excepted the sacrifice but didn’t grant the prayer, then they had hearty meal from the sacrifice

Nestor said lets call everybody together and go, which AG then did.

then Athena joined them and gave them all courage that made them want to fight more than they wanted to go home.

the Achaeans were like flies facing the men of Troy, eager to fight let by AG like a great bull.

then AG named the captains of the fleet and the number of their ships.

There were ships from every city every plan and every territory in Greece. The best horses were those of Pheretiades and the best man Telamonian Aias, and Achilles was very jealous.

so they swept over the earth like a swarm but Zeus warned the Trojans(Priam and Hector)Hector told everybody to get up and fight and the Trojans made a formation on a hill called Batieia, they were commanded by Hector.

The men from each country fought together. Achilles a lot of the Trojans including Nasties of the Carians who had a lot of gold which Achilles carried off after defeating them.

Study Questions - Iliad Chapter 2

1. Who was asleep?

2. Why was Zeus awake?

Whose

4. Why was Achilles in the dream of Zeus?

5. How did Zeus send the dream dream to Agamemnon?

6. What did the dream say?

7. What was Zeus planning?

8. Was Zeus always helpful to the Achaians and Trojans?

9. What did Agamemnon do after having the dream?

10. Why did Nestor say he believed the dream?

11. What did the warriors decide to do at the first meeting?

12. Who sent Athena?

13. Why was Thersites depised?

14. What did Thersites actually do?

15. Why did Agamemnon argue for a return home?

16. What did Odysseus say to Thersites?

17. What was the miracle?

18. Who interpreted the miracle?

19. What was Nestor unable to do?

20. How did Agamemnon characterize Zeus?

21. What was sacrificed and eaten in thin strips?

22. How did Zeus react to the prayers of Agamemnon?

23. What was Athena’s influence on the men?

22. What did Agamemnon do regarding the ships and their captains?

23. Where did the force of Agamemnon come from?

24. Whose horses were the best?

25. Who was declared the best fighter?

26. How did Achilles feel about Pheretiades and Telamonian Aias?

27. Who warned Priam about the coming of the Achaians?

28. On what hill did the Trojans make their stand ?

29. After nine years, what did the wives say?

30. What did Achilles do in the battle?

21. What did Achilles receive as his reward?

Book III Notes

The Trojan and Achian armies approached each other. The Trojans made a mighty noise.

The Achians were silent and determined.

Alexandros came forward as champion of the Trojans.

Menelaos came forward from the Achaian ranks. He was anxious to defeat Alexandros (Paris)

Alexandros (Paris) jumped back into the ranks and hid after seeing Menelaos.

Hector made fun of Paris (Alexandros) and called him a coward.

( It appears that Paris (Alexandros) was the cause of the war between the Achaians and the Trojans. It seems he took some soldiers and traveled to a foreign land and seized Helen from the Argives and brought her back to his home of Troy. Hector blamed him for all the bad things that happened after that.)

Alexandros told Hector they should have both sides sit down and He (Paris) would fight Menelaus. The winner would take Helen and all her wealth and the two armies would swear friendship.

Hector stepped out between the armies. The Trojans sat down but the Acaians kept shooting arrows and throwing spears. Agamemnon told them to stop and sit down.

Hector spoke to both armies. He told them to lay down their weapons. Let Alexandros and Menelaos fight a duel for Helen and all her wealth. Afterward both armies would take an oath of peace.

The Achaeans and Trojans were happy that the war might end. They lowered their weapons and gathered in a great circle with a space between the two armies.

Hector sent two heralds into the city to bring the King Priam to the battlefield and to bring animals for a sacrifice.

AG sent a messenger to his camp for animals to sacrifice also.

The god Iris went to see Helen disguised as Laodice, King Priam’s most beautiful daughter.

Iris told Helen they’re gonna have a fight for you and you’re gonna have to marry the winner. Helen got very upset and started crying. She really wanted to go back to her first husband.

Helen sneaked out went to the Scaian gate. King Priam was there with the other elders ready to watch the battle.

The elders said that Helen really was as beautiful as they said.

Priam aked her who the Achaeans was that was so handsome but not the tallest. Helen said that’s King Agammemnon. King Priam said there is another guy there who seems to be in charge. she told him it was Odysseus Laertes’ son and He can’t be tricked by anything. Odysseus visited here before and although Menelaos was a foot taller, when Odysseus spoke, everyone listened.

Praim looked out at the Achaian army again and said I see another big handsome guy. Helen said that’s Aias, he’s a real tower of strength.

Then the messengers that Hector had sent asked Priam to join Hector on the battlefield. King Priam went.

AG held the sacrifice. Ag said if Alexandros(paris) wins, he can take Helen and her wealth and we’ll all go home. But if Menelaos wins, the Trojans will give up Helen and all her wealth plus pay compensation to the Argives. If King Priam and his sons don’t pay up, AG said he would stay and the war won’t end.

Then AG made the sacrifice .

King Priam said, "I can’t stand to see my son Alexandros (Paris) fight to the death so I will go back to the city."

Hector and Odysseus put two marked sticks called lots in a helmet. Hector shook the helmet and Alexandros drew the winning lot.

The two fighters walked out into the middle. Alexandros threw his spear first. It bounced off of Menelaos’ shield.

Menelaos prayed to Zeus and then threw his spear. The spear when right through the shield of Alexandros, but he managed to jump aside and was not injured.

Menelaos drew his sword and it broke on Alexandros’ helmet.

Menelaos said my sword broke and my spear missed. Zeus is very unkind to me.

Then he grabbed the horsehair plume of Alexandros helmet and dragged him towards the Achaians. Alexandros (Paris) was choking.

Aphrodite made the helmet strap break and Menelaos went for his spear. Aphrodite carried carried Alexandros (Paris) off in a myst to Helen’s bedroom.

Aphrodite disguised herself as an old woman and went to the Scaian gate to get Helen. She told Helen there is a man waiting for you in your bedroom. Helen could see how beautiful the old lady realy was and realized it was Aphrodite.

Helen said why don’t you go see the man in my bedroom?

Aphrodite said don’t push me or my great love for you may turn to an equal hate.

Helen was terrified so she left. Helen went and sat on a chair by her bed.

She told Alexandros she wished he’d go back and fight, but then agreed that htat would be stupid.

Alexandros told Helen not to scold him because Athena had helped Menelaos.

Paris (Alexandros) asked her to let them make love because he loved her more than ever.

Meantime, Menelaos was looking everywhere on the battlefield for Alexandros but there was no sight of him anywhere.

AG said its obvious that Menelaos won so the Trojans must hand over Helen and all of her wealth.

The Achaians all cheered!

Study Questions Book III

What did Menelaos and Alexandros do?

What did the two armies?

Which army made the biggest noise?

Which army marched with silent determination?

Who came forward from the Trojans?

Who was champion of the Achaians?

What did Alexandros do when he saw menelaos?

Who made fun of alexandros?

What is Alexandros other name?

Who suggested that the army sit down?

What was the prize?

What were the armies supposed to do after the fight?

Which leader stepped out between the armies and spoke?

Who took Helen in the first place?

Who blamed Alexandros for the Trojans troubles?

What did the two armies do?

Why did Hector and AG send heralds to their camps?

What were the animals for?

Who did Hector summon to the battlefield?

How did Helen find out about the fight?

What was Helen’s response?

Where were King Priam and the elders waiting?

What did the elders say about Helen?

How did king Priam describe AG?

Who else did King Priam pick out of the Achaians?

Who did Helen say was a tower of strength?

who made the sacrifice?

what did AG want in addition to Helen and her wealth?

What did AG threaten?

Why didn’t King Priam stay?

What did Hector and Odysseus put in a helmet?

Who drew the winning lot ?

What did the winner get to do?

What happened when Alexandro’s threw his spear?

What happened when it was Menelaos’ turn?

What happened to Menelaos’ sword?

Who did Menlaos blame?

How did Menelaus grab Alexandros (Paris)?

How did Aphrodite assist Alexandros (Paris)?

How did Aphrodite carry Alexandros (Paris) away?

Where did Aphrodite take Alexandros (Paris)?

How did Aphrodite disguise herself?

How did Helen see through her disguise?

How did Helen anger Aphrodite?

What did Aphrodite say would happen if Helen made her angry?

Who did Alexandros say helped Menelaos?

What was Menelaos doing?

What did AG say?

What did the Achaians do?

Book IV notes

Zeus, Hera, and Athena argued.

Zeus wanted to know what he could do to cause trouble with the people Hera and Athena cared about.

Athena kept quiet but Hera had to say something

Hera told Zeus to go ahead and cause trouble with king Priam and the Trojans if he wanted to.

Zeus was angered and told Hera not to forget he would what he wanted to do and Hera should never get in his way.

Hera said"go ahead and send Athena down to make the Trojans break their oath and attack the Achaians", which Athena gladly did.

Athena took the form of a Trojan and she dared one of the great Trojan archers named Pandaros to take a shot at Menelaus

Athena kept if from killing Menelaus, and just let the tip injure him a little.

King AG saw the blood and he said "the Trojans have broken the oath.

Menelaus said" don’t worry its not a bad wound."

AG sent for a surgeon and the surgeon came a fixed it.

While the surgeon was fixing Menelaus up, the Trojans started gathering up their weapons.

AG went through his army telling everyone they’d have to fight hard.

He told everyone including Odysseus not to slack off.

Odysseus got angry that AG would even suggest it so AG apologized.

All of AG soldiers got on the battle line and so did the Trojans.

There was a confusion of languages in the Trojan army.

The first to die was a Trojan.

One of Odysseus’ friends was hurt so Odysseus killed one of King Priams’ bastard sons.

The Achaians began to win.

Apollo came down and cheered the Trojans on.

Many Trojans and Achaians died.

Study Questions Book IV – The Iliad

1. Who was arguing?

2. What did Zeus want to do?

3. Who kept quiet?

4. Who spoke out?

5. What was Zeus’ response?

6. Who was sent to the Trojans?

7. What for did she take?

8. Who did she talk to?

9. Who got shot?

10. How bad was the wound?

11. Who was angered by this?

12. What did the armies do?

13. Which side suffered the first casualty?

14. Why did the Trojans battle cries sound different?

15. Which side was winning.

16. Who interfered?

17. What resulted from the day’s fighting?

Book IV